Analyzing the adverse effects of childhood stress on adult anxiety behaviors by testing on male rats and addressing it with a period of aerobic exercise during adolescence

Authors

  • Zahra Bayat Clinical psychology, University of social welfare and rehabilitation sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • Issack Shama Guyo University of Texas at Rio Grande valley Robert C. Vackar School of Business
  • Mitra Esfanjani Department of Physical Education, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  • Mina Esfanjani Department of control engineering, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47577/biochemmed.v4i1.7949

Abstract

Anxiety is one of the most common diagnoses in psychiatry, which is twice as common in women as in men. Anxiety and depression disorders are significant because they affect a person's social and individual functioning and lead to severe economic and social damage, so they are expected to be debilitating diseases worldwide in the coming years. Considering the importance of treating stress disorders such as anxiety, which improves patients' social and personal functioning, and taking into account the side effects of drugs, researchers proposed sports activities as a non-pharmacological and effective occupational therapy method. But it is not clear whether the effects of exercise can be related to the regulation of the serotonergic system in the brain (especially anxiety behavior). Therefore, this research was designed and carried out to answer the following question: Will doing optional exercise (Running Wheel) and not mandatory exercise (Treadmill exercise) during adolescence be able to improve the ill effects of MS? In this research, six pregnant mice were used. After giving birth, their babies experienced the stress of separation from their mother for 12 days between the 2nd and 14th days after birth, and then from the 28th day, they exercised with the Running Wheel for a month. The number of rats was 8 for behavioral tests and 4 for molecular tests. In the model implemented in this research, after birth, mouse babies are separated from their mother for 180 minutes every day for 12 days (from the second day of birth to the 14th day after birth) and placed in a separate cage. This protocol is so-called. It is called Maternal Neonatal Separation or childhood stress. The results of this research determined that childhood stress in the form of separation from the mother is capable of causing anxiety behaviors in adult male rats. On the other hand, the results of this research determined that optional exercise with running wheels during adolescence can reduce the adverse effects of stress and anxiety-related behaviors.

IMG-7949.jpg

References

Blair SN, Kampert JB, Kohl HW, et al. Influences of cardiorespiratory fitness and other precursors on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in men and women. JAMA. 1996;276(3):205–10. [PubMed]

Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, et al. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(3):147–52.

Sheri R. Colberg, Ronald J. Sigal, Jane E. Yardley, Michael C. Riddell, David W. Dunstan, Paddy C. Dempsey, Edward S. Horton, Kristin Castorino, Deborah F. Tate; Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 1 November 2016; 39 (11): 2065–2079. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1728

Faress, F., Esfanjani, M., & Esfanjani, M. (2022). Analysis of the effect of childhood stress on the expression of serotonin system genes in the hippocampus and cortex in adult male rats. Technium BioChemMed, 3(3), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.47577/biochemmed.v3i3.7482

Walsh NP, Gleeson M, Shephard RJ, et al. Position statement part one: immune function and exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2011;17:6–63.

Ross R, Dagnone D, Jones PJH, et al. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men—a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(2):92–103.

Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(7):493–503.

Rethorst CD, Wipfli BM, Landers DM. The antidepressive effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med. 2009;39(6):491–511. [PubMed]

Wipfli BM, Rethorst CD, Landers DM. The anxiolytic effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials and dose-response analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2008;30(4):392–410.

Resnick HE, Carter EA, Aloia M, et al. Cross-sectional relationship of reported fatigue to obesity, diet, and physical activity: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006;2(2):163–9.

Theorell-Haglow J, Lindberg E, Janson C. What are the important risk factors for daytime sleepiness and fatigue in women? Sleep. 2006;29(6):751–7.

Lautenschlager NT, Cox KL, Flicker L, et al. Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease—a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300(9):1027–37. [PubMed]

Rovio S, Kareholt I, Helkala EL, et al. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(11):705–11.

Pollak SD. Early adversity and mechanisms of plasticity: integrating affective neuroscience with developmental approaches to psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17(3):735–52 Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/16262990.

Cicchetti D. Resilience under conditions of extreme stress: a multilevel perspective. Wolrd Psychiatry. 2010;9(3):145–54.

- NORTH, T. CHRISTIAN, P. E. N. N. Y. McCULLAGH, and ZUNG VU TRAN. "Effect of exercise on depression." Exercise and sport sciences reviews 18.1 (1990): 379-416.

- Wipfli, Bradley M., Chad D. Rethorst, and Daniel M. Landers. "The anxiolytic effects of exercise: A meta-analysis of randomized trials and dose--response analysis." Journal of sport & exercise psychology 30.4 (2008): 392.

- Stranahan, Alexis M., Kim Lee, and Mark P. Mattson. "Central mechanisms of HPA axis regulation by voluntary exercise." Neuromolecular medicine 10.2 (2008): 118-127.

- Salmon, Peter. "Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory." Clinical psychology review 21.1 (2001): 33-61.

- Radak, Zsolt, Hae Young Chung, and Sataro Goto. "Exercise and hormesis: oxidative stress-related adaptation for successful aging." Biogerontology 6.1 (2005): 71-75.J. Bowlby Research into the origins of delinquent behaviour Br Med J, 1 (1950), pp. 570-573

- Brocardo, Patricia S., et al. "Anxiety-and depression-like behaviors are accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress in a rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: protective effects of voluntary physical exercise." Neuropharmacology 62.4 (2012): 1607-1618.

- Erickson, Kirk I., Destiny L. Miller, and Kathryn A. Roecklein. "The aging hippocampus interactions between exercise, depression, and BDNF." The Neuroscientist 18.1 (2012): 82-97.

M.A. Sheridan, K.A. McLaughlin Dimensions of early experience and neural development: deprivation and threat Trends Cogn Sci, 18 (2014), pp. 580-585

T.Z. Baram, E.P. Davis, A. Obenaus, C.A. Sandman, S.L. Small, A. Solodkin, H. Sternو Fragmentation and unpredictability of early-life experience in mental disorders Am J Psychiatry, 169 (2012), pp. 907-915

B. Seay, E. Hansen, H.F. Harlow Mother-infant separation in monkeys J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 3 (1962), pp. 123-132

- Senceroglu, S.; Ayari, M.A.; Rezaei, T.; Faress, F.; Khandakar, A.; Chowdhury, M.E.H.; Jawhar, Z.H. Constructing an Intelligent Model Based on Support Vector Regression to Simulate the Solubility of Drugs in Polymeric Media. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 1405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111405

M. Kundakovic, F.A. Champagne Early-life experience, epigenetics, and the developing brain

Neuropsychopharmacology, 40 (2015), pp. 141-153

J. Molet, P.M. Maras, S. Avishai-Eliner, T.Z. Baram Naturalistic rodent models of chronic early-life stress Dev Psychobiol, 56 (2014), pp. 1675-1688

M. Nishi, N. Horii-Hayashi, T. Sasagawa Effects of early life adverse experiences on the brain: implications from maternal separation models in rodents Front Neurosci, 8 (2014), p. 166

J L Bolton, J Molet , A Ivy, T Z Baram. New insights into early-life stress and behavioral outcomes, Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 2017, 14:133–139

O'Mahony, Siobhain M., et al. "Early life stress alters behavior, immunity, and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illnesses." Biological psychiatry 65.3 (2009): 263-267.

Nugent, Nicole R., et al. "Gene–environment interactions: early life stress and risk for depressive and anxiety disorders." Psychopharmacology 214.1 (2011): 175-196.

Hall CS. Emotional behavior in the rat: defecation and urination as measures of individual differences emotionality. J. Comp. Psychol. 1934;18:385–403.

Walsh RN, Cummins RA. The open field test: a critical review. Psychol. Bull. 1976;83:482–504.

Prut L, Belzung C. The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: review. Eur. J. of Pharm. 2003;463:3–33.

Choleris E, Thomas AW, Kavaliers M, Prato FS. A detailed ethological analysis of the mouse open field test: effects of diazepam, chlordiazpoxide and an extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic field. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2001;25:235–260.

Seibenhener ML, Wooten MC. Use of the Open Field Maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice. J Vis Exp. 2015 Feb 6;(96):e52434. doi: 10.3791/52434. PMID: 25742564; PMCID: PMC4354627.

M. Mianroodi, G. Altmeyer, and S. Touchal, “Experimental and numerical FEM-based determinations of forming limit diagrams of St14 mild steel based on Marciniak-Kuczynski model”, JMES, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 5818–5831, Dec. 2019.

M. Mianroodi, S. Touchal, and G. Altmeyer, “Numerical Prediction of Forming Limit Diagrams using Marciniak - Kuczynski instabilities criteria and texture evaluation of roll forming process,” International conference on interdisciplinary studies in science and engineering, December 2017.

Seibenhener ML, Wooten MC. Use of the Open Field Maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice. J Vis Exp. 2015 Feb 6;(96):e52434. doi: 10.3791/52434. PMID: 25742564; PMCID: PMC4354627.

Downloads

Published

2022-12-06

How to Cite

Bayat, Z., Guyo, I. S., Esfanjani, M., & Esfanjani, M. (2022). Analyzing the adverse effects of childhood stress on adult anxiety behaviors by testing on male rats and addressing it with a period of aerobic exercise during adolescence. Technium BioChemMed, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.47577/biochemmed.v4i1.7949