Causes of stress on children with ADHD and the role of ICTs
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood and one of the more widespread chronic diseases that affect children school age, based on the DSM-IV. This study focuses on the influence of stress to the kids suffering from ADHD and the importance of other elements on it. This particular study was based on articles in scientific journals, with the purpose to investigate some of the factors that affect positively or negatively in the exacerbation of anxiety on children suffering from ADHD and how the prenatal and parental stress affects this condition. The results have shown that the environmental factors, nutrition, hormones, neurotransmitters and alternative techniques are directly related with the characteristics of the disorder and the ways of how to improve it. In the light of these findings, we came to the conclusion that we can intervene to the deficits of mainly socio-emotional functions through the above factors.

Article Details
References
Adams JB, Baral M, Geis E, Mitchell J, Ingram J, Hensley A, et al. The severity of autism is associated with toxic metal body burden and red blood cell glutathione levels. J Toxicol. 2009: 532640.
Bandim JM, Ventura LO, Miller MT, et al. Autism and Mo"bius sequence: an exploratory study of children in northeastern Brazil. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2003; 61 (2A):181-185.
Chamak, B. (2010). Autism: overestimation of the genetic origins. Medecine Sciences: M/S, 26(6-7), 659-662.
Charalambos, D. (2017). Toxic agents and autism. Rostrum of Asclepius / Vima tou Asklipiou, 16 (3).
Dietert, R. R., Dietert, J. M., & DeWitt, J. C. (2011). Environmental risk factors for autism. Emerging health threats journal, 4(1), 7111.
Frith, U., Happe, F., & Siddons, F. (in press). Theory of mind and social adaptation in autistic, retarded and young normal children. Social Development.
Geier DA, King PG, Sykes LK, Geier MR. A comprehensive review of mercury provoked autism. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128:383-411.
Gilbert SG (Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders). Scientific consensus statement on environmental agents associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Collaborative on Health and the Environment's Learning and Developmental Disabilities Initiative; 2008 July 1 [accessed 2010 July 6]. Available from: http://www.iceh.org/pdfs/LDDI/ LDDIStatement.pdf
Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., & White, R. F. (1995). Milestone development in infants exposed to methylmercury from human milk. Neurotoxicology, 16(1), 27-33.
Hallmayer, J., Cleveland, S., Torres, A., Phillips, J., Cohen, B., Torigoe, T., ... & Risch, N. (2011). Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Archives of general psychiatry, 68(11), 1095-1102.
Kalkbrenner AE, Daniels JL, Chen JC, Poole C, Emch M, Morrissey J. Perinatal exposure to hazardous air pollutants and autism spectrum disorders at age 8. Epidemiology. 2010;21:631-641.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Kern JK, Grannemann BD, Trivedi MH, Adams JB. Sulfhydryl-reactive metals in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2007;70:71521
Kumar, V., & Chhibber, S. (2011). Thalidomide: an old drug with new action. Journal of Chemotherapy, 23(6), 326-334.
Kumar, V., and Chhibber, S. (2011). Thalidomide: an old drug with new action. J. Chemother. 23, 326-334.
Kumar, V., Harjai, K., and Chhibber, S. (2010). Thalidomide treatment modulates macrophage pro-inflammatory function and cytokine levels in Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055 induced pneumonia in BALB/c mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 10, 777-783.
Lan, A., Stein, D., Portillo, M., Toiber, D., & Kofman, O. (2019). Impaired innate and conditioned social behavior in adult C57Bl6/J mice prenatally exposed to chlorpyrifos. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 15(1), 2.
Landrigan, P. J. (2010). What causes autism? Exploring the environmental contribution. Current opinion in pediatrics, 22(2), 219-225
Lind Y, Darnerud PO, Atuma S, Aune M, Becker W, Bjerselius R, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from Uppsala County, Sweden. Environmental Research. 2003; 93(2):186-194. [PubMed: 12963403]
Moore SJ, Tumpenny P, Quinn A, Glover S, Lloyd DJ, Montgomery T, et al. (2000): A clinical study of 57 children with fetal anticonvulsant syndromes. J Med Genet 37:489-497.
Moore SJ, Turnpenny P, Quinn A, et al. A clinical study of 57 children with fetal anticonvulsant syndromes. J Med Genet 2000; 37:489-497.
Palmer, R. F., Blanchard, S., Stein, Z., Mandell, D., & Miller, C. (2006). Environmental mercury release, special education rates, and autism disorder: an ecological study of Texas. Health & Place, 12(2), 203-209.
Quach, H., Ritchie, D., Stewart, A. K., Neeson, P.,Harrison, S., Smyth,M. J., et al. (2010). Mechanism of action of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDS) in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 24, 22-32.
Ramirez, G. B., Cruz, M. C. V., Pagulayan, O., Ostrea, E., & Dalisay, C. (2000). The Tagum study I: analysis and clinical correlates of mercury in maternal and cord blood, breast milk, meconium, and infants' hair. Pediatrics, 106(4), 774-781.
Roberts, E. M., English, P. B., Grether, J. K., Windham, G. C., Somberg, L., & Wolff, C. (2007). Maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications and autism spectrum disorders among children in the California Central Valley. Environmental health perspectives, 115(10), 1482-1489.
Rose, S., Melnyk, S., Savenka, A., Hubanks, A., Jernigan, S., Cleves, M., & James, S. J. (2008). The frequency of polymorphisms affecting lead and mercury toxicity among children with autism. Am J Biochem Biotech, 4(2), 85-94
Rossignol DA, Genuis SJ, Frye RE. Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review. Transl Psychiatry 2014;4: e360.
Schecter A, Pavuk M, Paepke O, Ryan JJ, Birnbaum L, Rosen R. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003; 111(14):1723-1729. [PubMed: 14594622]
Sealey, L. A., Hughes, B. W., Sriskanda, A. N., Guest, J. R., Gibson, A. D., Johnson-Williams, L., ... & Bagasra, O. (2016). Environmental factors in the development of autism spectrum disorders. Environment international, 88, 288-298.
Shelton, J. F., Hertz-Picciotto, I., & Pessah, I. N. (2012). Tipping the balance of autism risk: potential mechanisms linking pesticides and autism. Environmental health perspectives, 120(7), 944-951.
Sjodin A, Hagmar L, Klasson-Wehler E, Kronholm-Dlab K, Jakobsson E, Bergman O. Flame retardant exposure: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Swedish workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999; 107(8):643-648. [PubMed: 10417362]
Snow WM, Hartle K, Ivanco TL. Altered morphology of motor cortex neurons in the VPA rat model of autism. Dev Psychobiol 2008; 50:633-639. Report from a study using the valproic-acid rat model for autism. The study used the valproic-acid model to examine brain development and developmental injuries, possibly related to autism
Theodora Stavridou, Anna Maria Driga, Athanasios Drigas ( Net Media Lab-Mind & Brain R&D, N.C.S.R. 'Demokritos', Athens, Greece dr@iit.demokritos.g Blood Markers in Detection of Autism https://doi.org/10.3991/ijes.v9i2.21283 )
US Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) Program. Washington, DC. http://www.epa.gov/tri/tridata/tri06/index.htm. [Accessed 12 December 2008]
Van Wijngaarden E, Davidson PW, Smith TH, Evans K, Yost K, Love T, et al. Autism spectrum disorder phenotypes and prenatal exposure to methylmercury. Epidimiology 2013; 24(5): 651-9
Volaki, K. (2012). Molecular study of patients with autistic behavior (Doctoral dissertation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (EKPA). School of Health Sciences. Department of Medicine. Department of Maternal and Child Health. Laboratory of Medical Genetics)
Wong, S., & Giulivi, C. (2016). Autism, mitochondria and polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure. CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders), 15(5), 614-623
Zablotsky, B., Black, L.I., Maenner, M.J., Schieve, L.A., Blumberg, S.J., 2015. Estimated prevalence of autism and other developmental disabilities following questionnaire changes in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey. Natl. Health Stat. Rep. 87, 1-21